In general, higher air pollution exposure was associated with lower methylation of specific CpG sites in GC ( 6 and VB 12 ) and iron, and several prior studies ( 12 , causing the inactivation of these micronutrients ( 12 deficiencies also reduce DNA methylation via homocysteine increase, ultimately aggravating the effect of air pollution on DNA methylation ( 6 and VB 12 levels, and increased homocysteine levels ( 4.4 Limitation The findings of this study need to be interpreted in consideration of the following limitations
Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage
Three examples of the distortion of RBCs due to smoking are illustrated in Fig
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Hair follicles are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, which can disrupt the normal hair growth cycle