High-frequency sleep fragmentation in obstructive sleep apnea has been shown to induce outcomes similar to chronic sleep deprivation, including reduced antioxidant enzyme activity (e.g., superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), aberrant mitochondrial morphology, and diminished ATP production, all of which impair neuronal metabolism ( 5 Sleep and mitochondrial health affect peripheral systems including the immune system and gut 5.1 Mitochondrial decline, inflammaging, and sleep The concept of inflammaging, first introduced by Claudio Franceschi in 2000, refers to the chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation that characterizes biological aging (Franceschi et al., 2000
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Dermatol Res Pract 2014;2014:240856
2 Allometric scaling (FDA guidance)Estimating a safe starting dose why raw mg/kg animal doses must be scaled, not transposed directly to other species
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Poor absorption: The body requires adequate stomach acid and intrinsic factor (a protein produced in the stomach) to absorb vitamin B12 from food
